What term is used to describe the amount of an element equal to its atomic weight in grams?

The term that describes the amount of an element equal to its atomic weight in grams is known as a mole. A mole is a fundamental unit in chemistry that quantifies the amount of substance. Specifically, one mole of any element contains a mass that is numerically equal to its atomic weight (expressed in atomic mass units) in grams.

For example, the atomic weight of carbon is approximately 12.01 amu, which means one mole of carbon weighs about 12.01 grams. This relationship highlights the connection between the microscopic scale of atoms and the macroscopic scale of grams, making it easier for chemists to work with quantities of materials in the lab.

Molar volume refers to the volume occupied by one mole of a substance, often important when dealing with gases, while atomic mass is a measurement reflecting the mass of an individual atom in atomic mass units. Avogadro's number is a constant that tells us how many particles are in one mole (approximately (6.022 \times 10^{23})), but it does not describe the mass itself. Thus, the mole is the correct term that aligns with the definition provided in the question.